Attributes of Nanomaterials and Nanotopographies for Improved Bone Tissue Engineering and Regeneration.

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a multidisciplinary area that can solve the limitation of conventional grafting methods by developing viable and biocompatible bone replacements. The three essential components of BTE, i.e., Scaffold material and Cells and Growth factors altogether, facilitate support and guide for bone formation, differentiation of the bone tissues, and enhancement in the cellular activities and bone regeneration. However, there is a scarcity of the appropriate materials that can match the mechanical property as well as functional similarity to native tissue, considering the bone as hard tissue. In such scenarios, nanotechnology can be leveraged upon to achieve the desired aspects of BTE, and that is the key point of this review article. This review article examines the significant areas of nanotechnology research that have an impact on regeneration of bone: (a) scaffold with nanomaterials helps to enhance physicochemical interactions, biocompatibility, mechanical stability, and attachment; (b) nanoparticle-based approaches for delivering bioactive chemicals, growth factors, and genetic material. The article begins with the introduction of components and healing mechanisms of bone and the factors associated with them. The focus of this article is on the various nanotopographies that are now being used in scaffold formation, by describing how they are made, and how these nanotopographies affect the immune system and potential underlying mechanisms. The advantages of 4D bioprinting in BTE by using nanoink have also been mentioned. Additionally, we have investigated the importance of an in silico approach for finding the interaction between drugs and their related receptors, which can help to formulate suitable systems for delivery. This review emphasizes the role of nanoscale approach and how it helps to increase the efficacy of parameters of scaffold as well as drug delivery system for tissue engineering and bone regeneration.

Nanofiber-Based Systems for Stimuli-Responsive and Dual Drug Delivery: Present Scenario and the Way Forward.

Drug delivery and delivery systems are among the most important research disciplines today, and the relevance of nanofibers in achieving the appropriate release profile at specified sites for increased therapeutic advantages cannot be understated. Nanofiber-based drug delivery systems are fabricated and modified using a range of methods that entail a variety of factors and processes; tuning of these allows control of the drug release such as targeted, extended, multistage, and stimuli-responsive release. We explore nanofiber-based drug delivery systems from the most recent accessible literature, focusing on materials, techniques, modifications, drug release, applications, and challenges. This review offers a thorough assessment of the current and future potential of nanofiber-based drug delivery systems, with a particular emphasis on their capabilities in stimuli-responsive and dual drug delivery. The review begins with an introduction to the important characteristics of nanofibers that are useful in drug delivery applications, followed by materials and synthesis procedures for various types of nanofibers, as well as their practicality and scalability. The review then focuses on and explores the modification and functionalization strategies of nanofibers as essential features for regulating the applications of nanofibers in drug loading, transport, and release. Finally, this review investigates the range of nanofiber-based drug delivery systems in satisfying the current requirements by pointing out the areas that need improvement, followed by critical analysis, and offers probable solutions.